Recent News

Corporations are creatures of statute, contrary to LLCs, which are creatures of a contract.  I have written extensively about the need for a carefully crafted LLC agreement, but have not written much about the need for shareholders in a closely held corporation to have a carefully crafted shareholder agreement. Shares of stock are generally freely… Read More

Inevitably, every business will end. Successful businesses plan for the end, and, as a result, maximize the value of their efforts. A proper advance plan can help maximize value when the time comes. Just as every business is different, a plan for succession varies for every business. There are a few fundamentals for an ‘advance… Read More

In prior postings, I have discussed how membership has its privileges, but how does a person know if they are in fact a member?   Washington’s LLC Act provides two different standards for membership depending on the time period a member is admitted.  For the admission of “the initial member” a person becomes a member upon… Read More

When drafting LLC agreements, practitioners ought to remember that LLC interests may be securities subject to both state and federal securities laws. When an LLC interest becomes a security, additional disclosures of  “material facts” are required.  Without such disclosures, personal liability for securities fraud looms. The recent Washington Court of Appeals case of Freeman v.… Read More

Lawyers advising LLCs and their members must understand capital accounts from a tax perspective. When LLCs are taxed as a partnership, a member’s capital account reflects a portion of a member’s economic interest in the LLC. The tax regulations surrounding capital accounts are lengthy and complex, but understanding the basics allows practitioners to fully counsel… Read More

Real estate investors frequently come to me seeking advice regarding placing their investments into business entities for asset protection and other business reasons.  Almost always, the LLC is the entity of choice for real estate investments. The reasons behind this simplistic answer, however, are far more complex. Realization Events Under the Section 1001 of Tax… Read More

As I have noted previously (along with numerous other commentators), LLCs are not corporations. Both the basic structure of, and the laws applicable to, each respective entity are significantly different.  However, there may be similarities as to the tax structure of LLCs and corporations if the LLC members so elect. A corporation can choose only… Read More

Cash-mergers are one way controlling members of LLCs can legally extinguish the interest of minority members.  One of the leading commentators on “business divorce” is New York lawyer Peter Mahler.  This week, Peter outlined an influential New York appellate decision (see here), which dramatically alters the ability of controlling members of LLCs to oust minority… Read More

Individuals regularly hold their real estate in LLCs for many reasons, including asset protection, because an LLC is a “separate legal entity” RCW 25.15.071 (3) and members are not liable for debts of the LLC RCW 25.15.126 (1).  The distinction between an individual member and an LLC was front and center in a recent Washington… Read More